The Argentinean Cadastre completes an important role in society and had a long history of development over many years. It has advanced significantly and expansively over the last few years due to the technological advances in geo-information on the one hand, and to the possibilities of realising cadastral development projects that have been carried out in the majority of provinces, either with World Bank finance or provincial contributions.

The implementation in the cadastres of Land Information Systems, orientated toward the multi-purpose cadastre, has increased their potential significantly in respect of the services they provide to society. Consequently, many opportunities and challenges are foreseen in the future.

Although inhabited for over 40,000 years by the Aboriginal peoples, their land rights did not gain legal recognition until 1993 with the introduction of the Indigenous Native Titles Act.

The development of the Australian cadastral system was not influenced by the land ownership systems or patterns of the indigenous peoples. Instead from the initial colonization period of 1788 Australia began adopting the English system of deeds registration for land transfer. It was not until the mid 1850s in the colony of South Australia that Robert Torrens introduced the system of Certificate of Title to simplify land transfer, which had become expensive, complicated and inefficient. By 1874 all States of Australia ...

From the 13th century there were sovereigns who evaluated on lists ("Urbare") their income.

In the Middle Age it was usual to document contracts on real estate within cities in form of chronological lists. It was a documentation of individual civil rights and an example for a land register ("Grundbuch").

1718 Austrian Administration introduced a registration system within the Italian provinces for all buildings and parcels based on a surveying and mapping in the field. "Censimento milanese" was designed and organized by Johann Jacob Marinoni (1676-1755). Within three years he managed the survey (including local triangulation) of 20,000 sqkm (which is as large as Lower Austria) only.

1812 Civil Code (Allgemein Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) ...

The creation of the Belgian Cadastre comes from France. During the French Revolution, the "constituante" (the Constituante Assembly) decided in 1790-1791, the creation of the general cadastre and the land tax. The "Constituante Assembly" gave rules of conduct for:

• the preliminary operation;
• the overall view;
• the survey of the parcels of land;
• the fixation of the borders town (communes);
• and the triangulation of the communes.

With the Napoleonic conquests, the Belgian areas became a part of ...

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The history of land management and administration in Cambodia goes back to the Civil Code of 1920, which established the system of French land law that recognized private property rights. During the 1960s there was an adequate system of land management, including confirmation of private property rights with land records including cadastral map and land titles. The land management system started deteriorating during the period 1970-1975. Thereafter under the Pol Pot regime (1975-1979), not only were private property rights completely destroyed but all cadastral records, including cadastral map and titles, were also destroyed. The professionals in land laws and land management, registration and surveying were either re-deployed ...

The modern cadastre began in 1930s in China, served for taxes and ownership. The Land Administration Law of the People's Republic of China, was firstly promulgated in 1986 and was revised in 1998, ensured that the ownership of land could be separated from the right of using. In most cases of cities, lands are state-owned, what can be assigned, sold and resold, leased or mortgaged is the right of using within a fixed term, for example, lots for residential use are usually assigned a use term of 70 years. China tried to initiate a cadastral survey and land registration program in several relatively well-developed regions in 1986. In the 1990s, a major cadastral survey and land registration activity was conducted in most regions of China. Its main objective was to obtain and record the basic data and attributes of every parcel, including land area, land classification, boundary, ownership, area of building and so on.

The patterns of individual ownership started to emerge, in Cyprus the period after the year 1050 BC. Before that period the system of land tenure was on a purely communal basis.

An inscription of the 5th century BC excavated in Cyprus, and it can be described as a title to land. It mentions that the King of Idalio and the town itself rewarded a physician who had cured those wounded during a siege with the grand of royal lands, of a value of one silver talent, in full ownership. The inscription reveals certain important characteristics of land ownership in ancient Cyprus. It indicates that there were then not only royal lands but also private ownership, mentioned by owner's names. It also indicates the existence of land taxation and of inheritance in those days. The inscription mentions that it was placed under the protection of the priestess of goddess Athena, as a guarantee of title to ownership. ...

Czech cadastre has its roots in former Austrian cadastre and Land registry ("Grundbuch"). Modern era of cadastre and Land registration is based on the Cadastral law from 1819, Civil Code from 1811 and the Land registration Act from 1871. This cadastre based on a new mapping was designed solely for fiscal purposes of the state, but since 1871 (new Land registration Act) the description and presentation parcels in the cadastre was compulsory used in land registration, later a copy of cadastral map was a part of Land Registry. The Cadastre was administered and maintained by Ministry of finance, Land Registry by Courts.

Next cadastral development was heavily influenced by political events ...

The Danish cadastre, which derived from the results of the enclosure movement, was established in the year 1844. From the beginning the cadastre consisted of two parts: the cadastral register and the cadastral maps. Both of these components have been updated continually ever since.

As a result of the enclosure movement in the late 1700's, the former feudalistic society was changed into a society based on private ownership to land. The resulting property framework from the enclosure movement formed the basis for the new cadastral maps. Each map, in the scale of 1:4000, includes a village and the associated cultivated areas. The provincial towns were surveyed separately based on a provision from 1863 ...

In 1875, the very first Department of Lands and Immigration was established and at the same time, a Survey Office was setup and headed by a Surveyor-General. One of the Surveyor General's first duties was to issue licences to survey land. No surveys of land carried out by persons other than licensed surveyors would be recognized by any Court or the Registrar of Titles.

In 1876, the Real Property Ordinance was enacted and came into force a year later. This is the principal act which has dictated the survey profession in Fiji and was based on the famous Torrens Systems of land registration. The Ordinance also ensured that all lands registered under the Ordinance were properly surveyed to the satisfaction of the administering Government ...

The registration of holdings started for taxation purposes in the year 1539. The king had decided to construct a list of peasants and their taxes. Feudalism was never introduced in Finland and the peasants always retained their personal freedom. The holdings were numbered village by village. These numbers form even today the base for the identifiers of the basic property units (as defined by the UNECE/HBP/135:Guidelines on Real Property Units and Identifiers). From the 17th century these books were accomplished with village cadastral maps. The first surveyor was assigned to Finland in 1633 by the king.

A remarkable land reform started in 1762 and lasted for almost 150 years. The shape of private farms was improved and new peasants were settled especially on the crown land of the eastern part of the country ...

Security of land tenure in Germany has a tradition of some centuries. The forms of land registration in former centuries had great variety because of the great number of independent states on the territory of the present Federal Republic of Germany. The basic laws have been quite different as well, because since the end of the 30 years war in 1648 states like Prussia or Saxony have been completely independent.

At the beginning of the 19th century in some of the kingdoms cadastral systems have been established for taxation purposes. In some of the western provinces the establishment of cadastral systems for taxation purposes are based on the cadastres that were established by ...

The Land Registration Ordinance was first enacted in 1844 and continued to be in force to this moment. It is an English system of deeds registration for transaction. Land parcels are disposed through auction, tender and private treaty grant such that land rights are held in leasehold, except an Anglican church which enjoys a freehold title. Land boundary right, like any other rights, is to be traced from the attached plan and content of the lease or other land grant document. The boundary system is only designed for the Identification of the location of a parcel. Boundary security is not the original design.

The first land cadastre was introduced during the reign of King II. Joseph. The land cadastre based on cadastral survey for the purpose of land taxation. The implementation of general land taxation failed due to the opposition of the nobility. Finally the land cadastre was established in the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy in 1875 based on detailed field survey. There were two parts of the cadastre: cadastral register and cadastral maps. The original scale, of cadastral maps 1:1440 in urban and 1:2880 in rural areas. The cadastre was established for fiscal purpose land taxation, based on the yielding capacity of the land.

The cadastral system also supported the legal (Grundbuch) system. The descriptive part of the Grundbuch (parcel number, area, address ...

The colonial rulers in India initiated revenue surveys two century ago, which was based on the systems adopted in England and Western Europe. This survey was started with a view of collection of revenue for estates. Survey of India as a department of government of India establish in 1767 was fully involved in the process of revenue surveying till 1904.

In 1904, each states of India were made responsible for cadastral surveys. Each states has evolved their own way of legal system of cadastral survey for revenue collection. The process of cadastral survey in India has not yet taken full advantage of modern technology available in surveying and mapping.

Indonesia was colonized by the Dutch in early seventeen century to mid nineteen century. The date of August 18, 1620 was noted as the first basis implementation of the cadastre in Indonesia, indicated by the pronouncement of the VOC (Vercenigde Oost-Indisch Campagnie: an early Dutch company led to the Dutch colony) on regulation to control the lands distributed to its employees and resettled inhabitants from the Netherlands. But it has been only having adequate implementation since 1961 by the Government Regulation No. 10 Year 1961 as the completion of Art. 19 Basic Agrarian Law (BAL): Act No. 5 Year 1960 (UUPA).

Cadastre in Indonesia is legal cadastre (conducted by the National ...

Israel, as many other countries, has a statutory division of land - the cadastre. The modern Israeli Cadastre was established in 1928 by the British Mandatory Administration in Palestine, and was based on Torrens principles (Registration of Titles). In similar to mapping, which over the recent decades has been gradually undergoing a transition from the graphic sphere to the digital sphere, the cadastre in Israel is now also in transition from analogue era to digital era. The changes instituted thus far, and those expected in the cadastre in the future, could be classified into four stages: Analogue (conventional) cadastre, Graphic (computerized) cadastre, Analytical coordinate based cadastre and Three-Dimensional Multi-Layer cadastre.

The institutionalized surveying and mapping activities in the country began in 1920, when the British mandate authorities established a Survey Department and ...

Establishing an exact, simple, rapid, certain and changeable system during the time for managing the affairs related to properties and buildings in the country.

Quantitative objects:

1. Legal Delimitation for ownership of different buildings (1,200,000 hectares urban cadastre) and fields belonging to real and government bodies and of endowed fields.
2. Reviewing the information and maps during the lifetime of cadastre project and finally changing the existing system to modern registration system (cadastre).

Qualitative objects:

1. Providing simple and certain relationship for deeds issuing ...

The first survey that can be called 'Cadastre' in Japan was carried out through the country at the end of 16th century. The purpose was, however, to survey the harvest of rice by measuring the dimension of farmland with the same standard.

The first cadastral survey in meaning of the present age in Japan started in 1873. However, the results are not based on the national geodetic control point network, and accuracy of the dimension and border is not enough either.

After World War II the National Land Survey Law was enforced in 1951, and reform of cadastre started. This survey is still in progress.

The establishment of the first institution dealing with land registration can be traced back to 1857 when the Ottoman government created Tabu (land registry offices) in Bilad Ash Sham (Greater Syria), which included Jordan. Its main task was to make a kind of land inventory for taxation purposes and for this they created what they called then Tabu books where they documented a descriptive information about the land, such as its value, owner or beneficiary (user), neighbouring owners, roads, valleys, etc. There was no real mapping or surveying process at this stage. Jordan legally remained part of the Ottoman empire until 6th Aug 1924, the date of certification of Luzanne treaty, article (139) of which entitled and enabled Trans Jordan to acquire the ...

The British administration introduced the registration of land ownership throughout the islands. Traditionally titles over land was passed from father to son or as gift for personal favor while in old age or title passed to daughter when leaving the family in marriage. Transfer of title was reflected in the registers. Unfortunately, probably due to unavailable resources during the administration most customary freehold land registered were not surveyed. Very crude estimations of land sizes however were recorded in the compiled registers. Today disputes over freehold customary titles and land boundaries were common throughout the country.

The first cadastral surveys were carried out in 1950s when the ...

The Korean cadastral surveying system was established according to the results of the land surveying and forest surveying project from 1910 to 1924. Through these projects, overall cadastral surveying and land review were performed and progressed to graphical cadastre by control point surveying and plane surveying. Digitization of cadastral maps started from 1990s and will be completed in 2003. The establishment of the "Parcel Based Land Information System" (PBLIS) is supposed to finish in 2003. The further task will be data transformation of each cadastral map into seamless maps in order to use them in National Geographic Information System (NGIS), and overlapping land information into cadastral information and improvement of accuracy.

As in many other countries, cadastre historically was established in Latvia for the classification and registration of properties in order to tax them according to their quality and quantity. As territory of Latvia was under the rule of other countries from 1200s until the beginning of 1900s, development within cadastral sector was defined by policies and interests realized by these countries.

Beginnings of land accounting in Latvia can be found already in Middle Ages. In 900s - 1200s classification of land possessed by farmers in cadastral measurement units - 'aratrum' - was started in the territory of Latvia in order to define impost and corvee. In 1500s-1600s land surveying and valuation was started. Under Swedish rule from 1683-1693 the ...

The roots of the Lithuanian cadastre date back to the early medieval ages when the land was considered as a primary symbol of wealth and resources. At that time land-based relations were defined by the customary law; some time later they were subject to the regulation by Grand Dukes' privileges and finally, in the 16th century, by the Statute of Lithuania.

In 16th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania performed an important land administration reform resulting in the separation of lands in terms of their ownership (possessed by noblemen, peasants and the Grand Duke). The size of the land parcels allocated to peasants was based on valakas (measurement unit equal to 21 ha). A descriptive inventory of all public lands ...

The land registration system has more than 100 years of history while cadastral system has only 20 years.

With the objective of providing a complete, reliable, computerized and constantly updated cadastral plan for Macao, the cadastral system was introduced in the 1980s. From 1983 to 1998, the Cartography and Cadastre Bureau conducted a full-scale systematic survey throughout the territory of Macao and in 1994 the Cadastral Act was passed. The Cadastral Act (Decreto-Lei nº3/94/M) and Land Registration Act (Decreto-Lei nº46/99/M) build the legal framework for cadastral surveying and land registration.

The Macao cadastre comprises more than ten thousand land parcels. The cadastral plans were published during 1994 to 1998 for the consultation of landowners and other users. They may order printouts of cadastral plans at a reasonable price.

The Torrens system, based essentially on the Fijian Act, was introduced into the FMS between the years 1879 and 1890. Through succeeding political changes in the country, it finds present statutory expression in the National Land Code, 1965 (NLC) in Peninsular Malaysia, the Sabah Land Ordinance, in the state of Sabah and the Sarawak Land Code, in the state of Sarawak.

The National Land Code (NLC) was enacted to establish a uniform land system to replace the existing systems. Prior to the passing of the NLC, two quite different systems of land tenure existed side by side. The former British Colonies of Penang and Malacca retain a system peculiar to the pre-war "Straits Settlements" (modelled on the English laws of property and conveyancing) whereby privately executed deeds are the basis of title to land while the remaining nine Malay States, by contrast, employ a system based on the principle that private rights in land can derive only from express grant by the State or secondarily from state registration of subsequent statutory dealings.

The land is and has been one of the fundamental resources for any city, therefore, it is natural that since ancient times it has been studied and tried to be classified, registered and taxed with reference to the property.

The origin of cadastre in the Prehispanic Mexico is reflected in the different systems of information used by the Aztec Empire, with respect to its complex political and social organization, according to its different tributary, record and cartographic relationships, which is the main antecedent of colonial maps and plans based on the Mesoamerican cadastral information in reference to the type of property. With the appearance of mine centers and huge properties it was necessary to give a legal support to the forms of regulation ...

Before Hauptmann Kurt von Francois in 1889 arrived to Namibia with his 21 soldiers and proclaimed Deutsche Schutzgebiet Südwest-Africa had inventiveness German settlers occupied large areas from the indigenous people for a few bottles of snaps. There were no requirements for survey and boundaries were only described in vague and ambiguous phrases. It soon became too much for the German sense of order, and in 1904 a regiment German Feldvermessungstruppen arrived to establish control points and undertake topographical mapping of the protectorate.

Shortly after it became compulsory to survey and register all subdivisions and land transactions. At the beginning of the First World War ...

The development of cadastral system in Nepal is very gradual. Although the land recording system is very old in Nepal, only a few decades have been elapsed since the systematic cadastral system was developed. However, there exists, one way or another a certain uniform system throughout the country. The rudimentary land registration system was based on verbal descriptions and there exists some very primitive method of measuring a parcel. For example, the size of a parcel is defined by Hale, Pate, Kodale, Kute etc. In 1965, Cadastral Mapping along with the registration of the parcel was also launched side by side to support Land Reform Programme. Consequently, a detailed land recording system was established and based on these records ...

In 1810 the introduction of a fiscal cadastre became actual after the earlier mentioned annexation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands by France. The French legislation came into power. Some years before, in 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte, who needed money to finance his activities, decided to establish a system of land taxation, based on a accurate inventory of land use and land ownership, with precise land survey of land parcels: a fiscal cadastre. In 1811 it was decided that also in the occupied Netherlands such a system of land taxation should be introduced. As a consequence, in 1812 the work started to survey the land, and to list users and owners of the land parcels.

The administrative structure in the cadastre was as follows. The ...

The Maori people had a form of customary cadastre based on tribal ownership. This was generally demarcated by prominent geographical features, and there was no form of written record.

The Treaty of Waitangi guaranteed Maori rights of ownership, but with the influx of British settlers from the 1830s onwards there were a number of large land sales. Conflict between the Maori and settlers over land lead to a series of wars, a consequence of which much land was confiscated from Maori for settlement.

Embryonic and local survey systems were set up from 1840 in the major settlement areas and a Maori Land court established to formalise and individualise title to Maori land. ...

Initially land in Norway was occupied by individuals for farming. Later the king and the church were owners of large properties. From approximately 1650 the king started to sell out land, a process that lasted for almost 200 years. At the end of the 19th century 80% of properties were in private ownership.

The first known property register in Norway dates from about 1250, implemented for raising tax to the crown and for drafting men for military service. But formal registration of private properties started in the medieval times. The current legislation and system came into practice during the last century, mostly based on the German system. However a proper cadastre, based on professional surveying and mapping of boundaries, only existed in the bigger cities before 1980. ...

The Cadastral survey program in the Philippines may be said to have its beginning as early as 1903 when the American Civil Government in the Philippines purchased in 1902, some 410,000 hectares of friar lands and had them surveyed and allocated to the occupants under a scheme of agrarian reform. Actual inauguration of cadastral survey projects under the present numbering system however, begun in November 1909 with the first project numbered as Cadastral Project No. 1 covering the town of Pilar Province of Bataan. American surveyors exclusively conducted the cadastral survey from 1909 to 1915. The participation of American surveyors was gradually reduced until 1921 when the execution of surveys were all done by Filipino ...

The first land surveyors came to the Cape in approximately 1658, five years after Jan van Riebeek had established the first European settlement at the Cape. The first cadastral survey was for a piece of land along the banks of the Liesbeek River in order to transfer land to a released servant of the Dutch East India Company.

Until 1857, surveys were represented in a graphical manner using natural features as boundaries. After 1857, theodolites were used and the recording of numerical data on diagrams was compulsory. The British occupation introduced legislation (Cradock Proclamation) in 1813 that no sale of land would be recognized unless the land had been properly surveyed and registered. ...

After the occupation of the country by the British, several attempts have been made for the establishment of a cadastre based on cadastral surveys. The proclamation by Governor North in the year 1800 for land owners to appear before the 'Land raad' (a judicial official) produce evidence of title and get their lands surveyed is the first attempt. This failed. Systematic cadastral surveys commenced in three sub urban villages within the capital Colombo itself (village names are Dehiwala, Wellawatta and Kirillapone) based on an Act passed in 1877 for the purpose. However, this activity was abandoned in 1891, after three years of operation, mainly due to the high costs involved. Subsequent attempts in the form of several studies, recommendations and ...

The modern Swedish cadastre is based on cadastral books from 1530, established for taxation purposes by the king. These books list real properties village by village and give every unit a number in the village. This numbering system is still used for designation of real properties. During the 17th century these books were complemented by village cadastral maps, showing all real parcels in the village. The purpose of these maps was mainly to improve the taxation of land and make it more just and equal, by surveying the area and value of each land parcel. In order to carry out this task, Lantmäteriet (National Land Survey) was created 1628 as a governmental organisation.

Land registration (land titles) have been confirmed since ...

During the early 19th century under Napoleonic influence, cadastres were established in many of the 26 Cantons; however, mainly for fiscal purposes. With the putting in force of the Federal Constitution in 1847, a modern state with a stable rule of the law developed, and with the industrial developments, the need for a legal cadastre emerged, securing land ownership rights and enabling land transactions.

The Civil Law from 1912 constitutes the basis of the "Federal Land Registry System". It was detailed with the "Instruction for the Monumentation and Cadastral Surveying" in 1919 and with the "Ordinance for Land Registry" from 1910. When the cadastral system has been established in the ...

The cadastral system was originally introduced in the then Tanganyika (present mainland Tanzania) by the German colonial administration. The British colonial administration developed it and so did the independent Tanganyika and later, Tanzania administration.

The concept of Cadastral Surveying was introduced in Tanzania by the German colonial administration, which formed the Department of Surveying and Agriculture in 1893. The British followed the footsteps of the German administration. Initially cadastral surveys were used for the alienation of land to European settlers.

The primary objective of cadastral surveying in Tanzania is to provide geometric description, sizes and locations of land parcels for purposes of facilitating ...

The past of the land registration organization in Turkey goes back to 150 years ago. The first Land Registration Organization was established in 1847 to perform transactions concerning real estates. This organization lasted when the Republic of Turkey is founded. The first established records have been intended for only property and land registry transactions. No works have been done concerning maps, establishing and updating cadastral surveys during that period.

After the Republic of Turkey was founded, establishing an independent Land Registration organization was given importance on, because this matter required special experience and its scope was broad. For this ...

In pre-soviet Central Asia, the many land tenure variations followed Islamic law and local traditions. The Khan or Emir owned all undeveloped land and the public land that was administered locally. At that time local rules (Adat) and Islamic law (Shariat) regulated land tenure. Whoever started to utilise undeveloped land on continuous basis became its owner. The land was transferable and subject to tax depending on its nature. Private lands were inheritable to all sons and therefore over times land holdings became fragmented.

After the 1917 revolution, all previous laws were abolished and the all territory of Uzbekistan obeyed the laws of the USSR. Land was nationalised ...

El proceso de conquista y colonización en Venezuela no resultó ser una tarea fácil por los problemas y sucesivas guerras con la población indígena que se oponía a la conquista. La reducción de los indios a "pueblos" no se pudo hacer fácilmente pues no existía una población con unidad social y de estabilidad en sus asentamientos como sucedió en el resto de América Latina. Fue a través de la creación de "poblaciones Indígenas", con presencia religiosa, siglo y medio después del descubrimiento que se efectuó una efectiva colonización.

Es en la etapa de la colonia, cuando se dan los primeros pasos para ordenar las ciudades a través de una serie de normas y ordenanzas para la fundación de "pueblos de indios" quienes estuvieron sujetos a ...