The agencies responsible for Land registration and for cadastral survey depend on provincial government. Cadastral organizations depend of different Ministries according the Province.

The current situation is as follows:

...

As a Federation of States, Australia maintains centralized land administration offices in each State, which are almost completely computerised today. There is no prescribed organizational structure common to all states. Land administration is a state government responsibility under a range of government departments such as Environment, Planning, Information Technology or Land Administration. Embedded in these departments is a digital map of the state including the state's digital cadastral map, Land Registry and Titles Office, Crown Lands Management Office, Surveyors Board, and business units for Land Information and Resources. Combinations of these services can be found in all the States, integrated through sharing agreements and often residing in the one central metropolitan office. A consortium of all states and the Commonwealth, called the Public Sector Mapping Agencies Ltd, produces national cadastral map products.

Institutional structure of Land Management Sector; the Key Players in the land management sector and their responsibilities:

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The agency that is responsible for land registration and for cadastral surveying is the Patrimony Documentation Department (before the "Coperfin Reform" > Cadastre, Registration and Public Property Administration) and this on a National Level.

The Patrimony Documentation Department collaborates with the local government (the districts, the towns) and the IGN (National Geographic Agency).

Since independence, the government Administration are as follow:

• Prime Minister's Office
• Ministry of Defence
• Ministry of Finance
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• Ministry of Home Affairs
• Ministry of Education
• Ministry of Industries and Primary Resourses
• Ministry of Religious Affairs
• Ministry of Development
• ..... ...

The land issues in Cambodia are dealt with by the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC), which has a wide mandate through 4 General Department. The four General Department are: General Department of Land Management and Urban Planning, General Department of Construction, General Department of Cadastre and Geography (GDCG) and General Department of Administration. The GDCG is responsible for land registration and land administration, geodetic and cadastral surveying, mapping and property valuation. The 160 District and 24 Provincial/Municipal offices of the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction carry out actual implementation of land registration, administration of land transactions, and land use planning.

In China, the Ministry of Land and Resources (MLR), formerly the State Bureau of Land Administration, is the state administrative agency for land and mineral resources administration, including cadastre and land registration. The State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of China (SBSM) is an administrative agency of the Chinese Government for surveying and mapping, including cadastral surveying and mapping. SBSM takes charge of the national basic surveying and mapping work, the overall administration of the surveying and mapping profession. It also formulates the plans and technical standards for cadastral surveying and mapping, manages the verification of cadastral surveying and mapping qualifications, and certifies cadastral surveying and mapping ...

Land registration and cadastral surveying in Cyprus is undertaken, at national level, by the Department of Lands and Surveys (DLS), of the Ministry of Interior. DLS is the oldest department in the government service, dating back to 1858. The initial and main responsibility of the Department was the registration of immovable property on the island. However, throughout the years, the Department expanded its services and activities offered to the public, emerging into a dynamic and multifaceted organization.

The supreme administrative body is the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre (COSMC), which is a central governmental body with a president (not a minister) in its head. COSM is submitted directly to the government. There are 7 Surveying and Cadastral Inspectorates in regions and 77 Cadastral Offices in districts, which are subordinated directly to COSMC.

Beside that there are two special institutions - the Land Survey Office (geodetic control, state map series) and the Research Institute for Geodesy, Topography and Cartography, both subordinated to COSMC.

The National Survey and Cadastre under the Ministry of Environment is responsible for geodetic and small-scale topographic mapping, nautical charting, and for maintaining and updating the cadastral register and the cadastral maps. Legal rights to land such as ownership, mortgage, easements and leases are recorded in the Land Book at the local districts courts under the authority of the Ministry of Justice. The land book is based on the cadastral identification of the land parcels.

The Director of Lands and Surveyor General is responsible for all land surveying activities in Fiji, including the development and maintenance of Acts, Regulations, Notices to Surveyors, etc.

Both government and private surveyors play important roles in the survey of land and their respective roles have become more distinct in recent days partly because of the definition of the categories of land types in Fiji. Government surveyors carryout only State land surveys and government occupation in native land which means all public lands of Fiji including foreshores and soil under waters of Fiji and all lands which have been acquired by the government for any public purposes. Government ...

National Land Survey of Finland (Maanmittauslaitos) is a governmental authority responsible for the administration of the cadastre and carrying out cadastral surveys in the rural areas. There are 13 survey offices in the country for this purpose. The National Land Survey is also responsible for topographic mapping and topographic database. 86 cities take care of the cadastral surveys and mapping in the urban areas. The local courts keep the land register and the Population Register Centre is responsible of the building register.

Population Register Centre operates under the Ministry of Interior, local courts under the Ministry of Justice and National Land Survey under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

The constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany accords responsibility for legislation around the land register to the Federal Republic whereas the states make the laws concerning the property cadastre. Interstate bodies (working group of state survey agencies) ensure uniformity of the property cadastre.

The land registration offices are part of the administration of justice in the 16 German states. The jurisdiction of the land registry officials, the form of establishing and maintaining the land register are manifested in the GBO and in additional orders of the federal minister of justice. The regulations of the organisation of the land registry are given by the states' ministries of justice. The land registries are part of the local courts. They are responsible for ...

The Housing, Planning and Lands Bureau steers the government policy on land use, land supply, property development, public and private housing, building regulations and so on. The Lands Department is responsible for the administration of the disposal, acquisition and management of land, and the Survey and Mapping Office (SMO) is one of the three functional units under the department. SMO is the custodian of land boundary record for the government and its head is assigned the Land Survey Authority under the Land Survey Ordinance. Many land related data are kept by different departments, for examples, Planning Department keeps the legal land use data, Rating and Valuation Department keeps real property valuation data, Land Registry keeps the register of deeds and so on.

The 116 District Land Offices, the institutional network of the Unified Land Registry System under the Ministry of Agriculture, are responsible for maintaining, updating cadastral maps and legal data (ownership and other rights, mortgage, easements, restrictions). 20 County Land Offices second instance offices and also responsible to supervise district land office activities. The Institute of Surveying Cartography and Remote Sensing, a national agency, is responsible for maintaining national control point network and also topographic mapping.

As a central govt. organization, Survey of India was involved in cadastral surveys in India from its inception to till 1904. After that, the responsibility of cadastral surveys was assigned to state governments. However, survey of India is providing technological know how to state government in the matter of cadastral surveys. Each state is adopting their own methods of cadastral surveys and mainly emphasis is given to the legal aspects, which are connected with rights, khasara, khatauni etc.

As a unity state, Indonesia maintains centralized parcel-based land administration offices in each City/Regency, which are mostly still manual today. Indeed, there are 38 regency and municipality land offices and 15 provincial land administration offices running a Land Office Computerization (LOC) projects, but they are still partly manual. The National Land Agency (BPN) is responsible for land administration. According to Presidential Decree No. 26 Year 1988, BPN is a Non-Departmental Government Agency that has tasks as follows:

"BPN is to assist the President in developing and managing land administration, based on the Basic Agrarian Law and other related laws and regulations that include regulating land use, land holding, and land ownership, land titling services, land surveying and land registration, and other activities related to land issues based on the President's policy".

Survey of Israel (SOI)

The Survey of Israel (SOI) is a National Center for Mapping, Geodesy, Cadastre and Geoinformatics. SOI belongs to the ministry of Construction and Housing. The SOI is the ...

The Land Registry Office (LRO)

The land registry office (Ministry of Justice) is the governmental institution, which has the responsibility for registration of legal rights in real property. The scope of its activity is over ...

The Israeli Land Administration (ILA)

Israel has a unique structure of land administration, because of historical reasons. The government is the owner of about 93% of the land, which is leased to the public by ...

The Cadastral Office centralized all cadastral maps in Iran at the Capital (Tehran). But during few years ago the main provinces (at least 11 ones) in Iran established their divisions within the Province. They are going to collect the data for provincial cadastre and manipulating data and solving the problems within the province.

Land registration: Legal Affairs Bureau, District Legal Affairs Bureau, Brach Bureau and Branch Office of Ministry of Justice.

Cadastral surveying: National Land Survey Division, Land and Water Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, and Division of Cadastral Survey in each prefecture and each municipality.

The Department of Lands and Survey (DLS) is the agency responsible for both the land registration and the cadastral surveying on a national level, with 32 land registry offices and 17 surveying groups. DLS is under the umbrella of the Ministry of Finance.

The Government Land Management Division is responsible for all Government owned and leasehold properties. In addition it's also responsible for customary freehold and private lands. It managed and paid annual lease rentals to landowners and provides advice to councils on planning and land use issues. The general land planning responsibilities has just recently been handed over by Government to urban councils on Tarawa the capital and most urbanized island.

The Division has developed in 1998 a computerized land information system. The hard-text original freehold land registers that recorded landowner names, traditional hamlet names and plot numbers have been ...

Cadastral research is mainly done by academic institutes and "Cadastral Technology Training & Research Institute" (CTTRI) in KCSC. The subjects, which are taught, are cadastral laws, cadastral computerization, cadastral information system, GPS technology, land administration, real estate, and career education. Governmental organization for cadastre is belongs to the cadastral departments in "Ministry of Government Administration & Home Affairs" (MOGAHA) and local governments. Main duties of the cadastral departments in the local governments are to provide cadastral services such as land registration and examination of cadastral records to the public. Cadastral surveys are done exclusively by KCSC.

Registration of land and buildings and cadastral surveying that is carried out on the national level, is responsibility of two governmental institutions under the Ministry of Justice.

The State Land Service (SLS) of the Republic of Latvia is governmental institution, which is in charge of implementation of land reform, maintenance of National Real Estate Cadastre, Address register and the information system of protective zones, as well as valuation of real estates, cadastral surveying of buildings and performance of other related functions. SLS has 8 regional offices.

Until 2006 State Land Service performed also surveying and mapping functions. In the result of reorganization of SLS that took place ...

Real property cadastre and registration activities are carried out on the national level, this task being delegated to the State Enterprise Centre of Registers (Centre of Registers). The Centre of Registers is a governmental agency under the Ministry of Justice engaged in the following main activities: administration of Real Property Cadastre and Register, the Register of Legal Entities, the registration of real property objects and rights in them, the registration of legal entities, the appraisal of real property, cadastral surveying and providing official information on registered real property and rights to it, and about legal entities, also is responsible for addresses, and maintenance of the Register of Administrative Units, Settlements and Streets and ...

The Land Registry under the Secretary for Administration and Justice is responsible for land registration and Cartography and Cadastre Bureau under the Secretary for Transport and Public Works is responsible for cadastral surveying.

Peninsular Malaysia is a federation of States, each of which is responsible for its own land matters. All States operate a Torrens system of registration, administered by the State Land Offices and coordinated by the Department of Land and Mines. On the other hand, cadastral surveys are controlled by the Department of Survey and Mapping, Malaysia (DSMM) which is a federal department. DSMM is responsible for undertaking cadastral survey work within Peninsular Malaysia but is supported by a growing number of licensed land surveyors, whom are primarily responsible for engineering and subdivision surveys.

Notwithstanding the above, the cadastre in the states of Sabah and Sarawak are administered by the Department of Land and Surveys (DLS). They have the ideal setup of having land administration and cadastral surveys under the control of a single organisation, which is a State entity.

SECRETARIAT OF AGRARIAN REFORM

Providing of juridical certainty in the land tenure to the object population, by impulsing the territorial ordering and the rural property regularization as well as elaborating public policies to foster access to justice and integral agrarian development, by permanent training and the organization of agrarian subjects as fundamental entities of the first link in the national productive process, in order to help social activities that may propitiate rural welfare, with the consequent care in the preservation of environment and natural resources.

NATIONAL AGRARIAN RECORD

It is a deconcentrated unit of the Secretariat of Agrarian ...

The agencies responsible for land registration and cadastral surveying fall under the Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation. These include Surveyor-General and Registrar of Deeds, each with their own jurisdiction of administration. Both agencies are organised as Directorates and they are located in Windhoek. A second deeds registry is established in the area of Rehoboth. However, the Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation is presently preparing legislation for abolishing the registry and include the area within the national system.

Survey Department works under the Ministry of Land Reform and Management. The other Departments of the Ministry are Department of Land Reform and Management, Department of Land Information and Archive and Land Management Training Centre. Besides, Guthi (Trust) Corporation is also one of the organization belongs to the Ministry. Survey Department has three Branches namely Geodetic Survey, Cadastral Survey and Topographical Survey Branches. Furthermore, the department has 83 Survey Offices in 75 districts, where there is at least one office in each districts. The Cadastral Survey Branch has 9 mobile Survey parties called Goswaras. The Goswara conducts the Cadastral Survey and after completion of mapping work in the district it hand over the field books and maps to Survey Office of the district and other related documents (Srestas) to District Revenue Office of Department of Land Reform and Management.

Land registration and cadastral mapping are tasks at national level, assigned by mandate (Civil Code and Cadastre Act) to the Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency. As said earlier, this organisation formed since its establishment in 1838 a department of the Ministry of Finance. However, under the political expectation that land information played more and more a role in many other government activities (specially in planning and environment) the Council of Ministers decided to shift the department to the Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment in 1974. In the same period it was decided to move the land taxation from the national to municipal level, which is still is. In 1994 the Council of Ministers decided to transfer the department into a so-called ...

The survey system is administered by a central Government agency (Land Information New Zealand) which also has responsibility for Land titles, Crown land, valuation, topographic mapping and hydrography. There is a Surveyor-General responsible for the national control system and regulation of cadastral surveying and associated databases.

The geodetic and cadastral survey and land transfer systems are now largely digitally managed, with a continuous digital cadastral map of the whole country. This is called the Landonline system, which was commenced in 1996 and completed at the end of 2002. Cadastral surveys have in the main always been well connected to and integrated with the triangulation system.

There is a Government appointed Cadastral Surveyors Licensing Board responsible for licensing surveyors. This succeeds the Survey Board first established in 1901.

The Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority (NMCA) under the Ministry of Environment, was founded in 1773. NMCA is the national supplier and manager of geographic information covering land, coastal and territorial waters. The basic activity is to establish and manage the national geodata infrastructure, "Norway digital". Important content of Norway digital are the geodetic network, primary data sets and basic standards. NMCA comprises the following units: Land Mapping division, Geodetic institute, Hydrographic service and Cadastre & Land registry. The operation of the cadastre is supervised by the NMCA.

All the tasks before the field survey can start and until the property registration, mapping and documentation are accomplished, are the responsibility of the municipalities in Norway. Coordination of government measures relating to the municipalities, legal matters and the interpretation of legislation concerning municipalities and municipality boundaries are done by the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development, the Regional Development Department.

In the Philippines, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) thru the Lands Management Bureau/Lands Management Services, is mandated to administer and manage public lands, government owned lands and all other lands not placed under other government agencies by virtue of Commonwealth Act 141, as amended, otherwise known as the Public Land Act, Cadastral Act 2259, Republic Act No. 6657 otherwise known as Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law.

There are two (2) processes of acquiring title, one is judicial and the other is administrative. In judicial titling there are two (2) proceedings, one is ordinary judicial proceeding which is governed by Property ...

The agencies responsible for land registration and cadastral surveying fall under the National Department of Land Affairs. These agencies include four Surveyors-General and 9 Deeds Registry Offices, each with their own jurisdiction of administration.

Existing System:- Government Agent is the custodian of state land in the District (25 for the whole country) and a variety of registers under different statutory provisions are maintained by him. The plans in respect of state lands are prepared by the Survey Department. Records pertaining to proceedings under the partition Act and those for declaration of title is filed in the courts. Records pertaining to the Registration of Deeds (and the areas surveyed under the act passed in 1877) are maintained in the Land Registries under the Registrar General.

System under Act 21 of 1998:- Parliament has passed the Act No. 21 of 1998 for registration of Title to land and now it is being implemented. ...

Lantmäteriet is a governmental authority responsible for real property formation and official real property and geographic information in Sweden. In government, it is represented through Ministry of Environment. It has a regional organisation in each county and local offices in municipalities. Some bigger municipalities also have offices for real property formation (about 38). Lantmäteriet is responsible for the land information system supporting cadastral and land registration.

Land registration (title registration) is a responsibility of special local courts, at the moment 7 courts. They update the land registry, which is an integrated part of the land information system. Taxation authorities are responsible for the Real Property Taxation Registry and the Population Registry, which both are linked to the land information system through the real property designation. A governmental investigation has recently proposed that the responsibility for land registration should move from the courts to Lantmäteriet.

The organizations involved in the cadastre are situated on the different administrative levels - federal and cantonal - and have different tasks and functions. For cadastral surveying, the Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying (V+D) has mainly the responsibility of supervising the cantonal surveying agencies (KVA). Those KVA's have the responsibility to implement cadastral surveying and have chosen different, although similar solutions in carrying it out: a few Cantons carry out cadastral surveying by administrative units on their own, but most of them contract the field work as well as the maintenance of surveying data and cadastral maps to private land surveyor offices, which then are acting as public agents on behalf of the Cantons. ...

The Registrar of Titles undertakes Land registration. Cadastral Surveying is administered by the Surveys and Mapping. Government Surveyors and Licensed Private Surveyors do cadastral surveying. Both the Land Registry and the Surveys and Mapping Division are housed under one Ministry, namely; the Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements Development.

See part 'A' on Country Context above for more.

In Turkey, the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre, which is under the Ministry of Construction, is authorized to regulate the basis of rules of cadastral surveying and mapping affairs. The Land Registry and Cadastre has been making large-scale maps in the scale of 1/5000, 1/2000, 1/1000, 1/500. Also the mapping department of Provincial Bank is recognized as another organization which is making topographic maps at scale of 1/1000 for some of the needs of the municipalities. Each organization has their own archives in graphical forms (maps) but only a very limited amount is in digital form.

The Organization under administration of Director General with its central organization constituted by 13 departments forming main service, control, supporting and advisory units has provincial organization which is constituted by 15 Regional Directorates and 1001 District Land Registry Directorships and 313 Cadastral Directorships under the supervision of Regional Directorates.

The Uzbek land registration administration consists of two Government organisations: State Committee of Land Resources (Goscomzem) and Main Administration of Geodesy, Cartography and State Cadastre at the Cabinet of Ministers (Uzgeodescadastre).

The responsibilities between them are allotted in the following way:

• Goscomzem is responsible for cadastre and registration of rural lands;
• Uzgeodescadastre is responsible for cadastre and registration of lands in urban areas and also (through the incorporation of the BTI services) for the registration of rights to buildings and constructions.

• Instituto Geográfico de Venezuela Simón Bolívar (IGVSB), ente rector en materia catastral adscrito al Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales (MARN). Tiene competencia nacional y cuenta con oficinas regionales que a su vez prestan servicio a varias entidades federales.
• La Dirección Nacional de Registros y del Notariado (DNRN) depende del Ministerio del Interior y Justicia y tiene la responsabilidad de garantizar la seguridad jurídica y publicar las actas inscritas y anotadas relacionadas con la propiedad y otros derechos reales que afectan los bienes inmuebles.
• Los municipios como agentes de ejecución catastral, los cuales deben disponer de una Oficina Municipal de Catastro (OMC) que se encargará de crear, ejecutar, oficializar y conservar el catastro.