The concept of Cadastre in Argentina can be considered equivalent to the definition given by (FIG, 1995).

Cadastral systems in Australia are operated by the 8 state administrations and operate in such a way that land parcels are surveyed in the field while the corresponding land ownership titles are recorded in the Land Registry. The Land Registry uniquely identifies each parcel corresponding to the title. The relationship between these two main units is usually a 1:1-relationship, i.e. each land parcel is usually related to one land ownership entry in the land registry.

The term "property" is used by the local councils and utilities, which maintain property records for their own planning and tax purposes. A property has one street address and usually one house, but can consist of one or many ...

A plot of land (parcel) shall be the part of a cadastral community referred to as such with an individual number in the cadastre of boundary lines or the property tax cadastre.

Cadastral communities shall be those parts of the surface of the earth explicitly registered as such in the cadastre of boundary lines or the property tax cadastre.

Therefore a plot of land is a part of the surface of the earth with an individual number.

Real Estate: land and any things attached to the land including buildings, apartments and other construction.

The main unit in the cadastral system of Belgium is the cadastral parcel (national level). The files of the owners, the files of the parcels and the cadastral register are relation to one another.

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Cadastral system in Cambodia is operated by the district offices of the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction and operate in such a way that land parcels are surveyed and adjudicated (investigated) in the field and then corresponding land ownership are recorded in the land registry. The land registry is kept and maintained in three levels: national (General department of Cadastre and Geography), provincial and district. The smallest unit in land registry is land parcel. A land parcel or cadastral unit is a specified land area that is situated within a single commune or sangkat, that is not divided by a joint, indivisible boundary, [that] belongs to one person or several persons having an undivided ownership, and that is used in a single manner.

In 2000 a Sub-decree on systematic land registration has been approved, which makes land registration obligatory commune by commune. The sporadic land registration will still be applied until the total of the country is registered.

A cadastre is the core or basis of a land administration system and is normally a parcel-based and up-to-date land information system containing records of base information (e.g. location, area and use) and interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). A cadastral parcel, the basic block in Chinese land administration system, is usually recorded in geographical coordinates. As the cadastre, managed by the government, has force adeffect and present status about land, additional information is often stored, such as land tenure, ownership, leasehold, easements, mortgages and different types of common, communal or customary land tenure. Title registration is commonly incorporated into cadastre system.

The cadastral system in Cyprus is operated in such a way that land parcels are surveyed in the field while the corresponding land ownership titles are recorded in the Land Registry. The Land Registry uniquely identifies each parcel corresponding to the title. The basic unit of the cadastral system is the "immovable property". Buildings, flats, wells and other immovable properties are also registered and related to land parcels.

The main unit in the cadastral system is a parcel. A parcel is defined in law as a piece of land delimited by its boundaries and represented in a cadastral map. Every parcel has its unique parcel number within so called "cadastral unit". Buildings with yards are usually individual parcels.

Cadastral unit is an area of original municipality delimited by its boundaries and represented in cadastral map. The first cadastral mapping was done and documentation was arranged within this units. Every cadastral unit has its unique name (usually the name of village or town). Bigger towns usually consist of more than one cadastral unit.

Property consists usually of several parcels (e.g. house and garden). Since the object of registration is a parcel, not a property as a whole, a property is registered as a set of individual parcels.

The Cadastral System in Denmark is organised as follows:

• The cadastral register identifies real properties - which might include more than one parcel - by cadastral number(s) and area;
• The cadastral map shows all land parcels graphically;
• Legal survey measurements are used to precisely identify all new parcel boundaries determined by cadastral surveys such as subdivision, etc.; and
• The Land Book identifies the legal rights based on the cadastral identification.

The term "property" is a legal term defined in the cadastral act to include one or more land parcels as determined in the cadastral register. The ...

Land parcels, whether in Native, State or Freehold land, are surveyed in the field and survey plans are submitted to the Department of Lands and Surveys for checking in accordance with Survey Regulations and conditions of the local councils and the Town and Country Planning. This is done by the Department of Lands and Surveys. Only when a survey plan is approved as to survey, leases are registered accordingly. The legal descriptions of each parcel are recorded in the corresponding title usually in a 1:1 basis. It is possible that two or more abutting parcels belong to one person.

Buildings are part of the property record which is kept by the Local Councils and the Director of Town and Country Planning.

It is unfortunate that Fiji does not have a Rural Addressing System and it has been a concern to a number of Government and non-government agencies such Ministry of Health, TelecomFiji and the Fiji Electricity Authority and local banks. Street addressing system in urban areas are well defined.

In Finland all land is divided into basic property units that are the register units in the Cadastre. These property units consist of one or more parcels and they may also have a share in common areas. All the basic property units are surveyed and registered in the nationwide Land Information System that includes also a cadastral index map and information about titles and mortgages. Objects that are permanently fixed to a parcel (for example buildings) are part of it. The apartments in condominiums are not fixed property and they are registered by the condominiums.

The land register is characterised by two important legal principles:

• Changes of rights to land do not take effect before being registered in the land register.
• Until otherwise proven, the correctness of all titles recorded on the register is assumed. The land register enjoys the "public faith", in other words, the details registered may be presumed correct by anyone acquiring a legal title with regard to property unless an appeal against the correctness is recorded or the person acquiring the title is aware of the entry being incorrect.

Registrations therefore play an important legal role. They are in force ...

Hong Kong has only a deeds registration law. The land register serves as an identifier of registered landowners. Building units are registered as an exclusive use right attached to an undivided share of the land. Other land rights as well as boundary rights have to be traced back to the original land grant document.

Adverse possession is allowed. To acquire a title by adverse possession under the Limitation Ordinance, it takes 12 years for private lots and 60 years for government land.

In the Hungarian Unified Land Registry System two different types of real properties can be registered:
1) land parcel;
2) other independent property.

All types of properties have a unique identity number and are registered separately:
1) land parcel can include buildings the owner(s) of the land is the same as the building;
2) there are three different types of other independent property:

a) building, cellar, underground garage, structure, if the ...

Cadastral system in India relating to land and land dispute comes under the charge of Tahsildar, Kanoongo and Patwari (Lekhpal). Each district is divided into tahsils and every tahsil comprises of pargana and villages. The classification of agricultural land, its measurements, the assessment and its produced are properly maintained in the land record register.

The number of land parcels registered and titled is 24.5 million land parcels out of the number of 84.5 million land parcels all over the Indonesian territory (including forest areas). Among the 24.5 million land parcels, they are still paper based maps and databases (non digitized) and also still broadly loosely-connected each other.

The modern Israeli Cadastre was based on Torrens principles (Registration of Titles). The main unit in the cadastral system of Israel is the cadastral parcel. About 21,000 square km of the registered area (5% of the area is not registered yet) are divided into some 15,000-registration blocks, and 800,000 parcels. The cadastral systems in Israel are operated by two governmental institutions i.e. Survey of Israel and the land registry office.

Land parcels are surveyed in the field while the corresponding land ownership titles are recorded in the Land Registry. Two different types of real properties can be registered: land parcel and apartment in condominium. All types of real properties have a unique identity number and are registered separately.

The Land Registry uniquely identifies each parcel corresponding ...

Cadastral systems in Iran are operated by the 11 state offices and operate in such a way that land parcels are surveyed in the field while the corresponding land ownership titles are recorded in the Land Registry. The Land Registry uniquely identifies each parcel corresponding to the title if the property has formal deed. The relationship between these two main units is usually a 1:1-relationship, i.e. each land parcel is usually related to one land ownership entry in the land registry.

The taxation and legal aspects are doing in parallel ways. Nowadays in Iran we are trying to have one street address for each property within the cities and each property usually has one or more houses or apartments. On ...

Cadastral Survey is conducted by local public body like municipalities. The land parcel is the main unit, and the followings are surveyed; owner, parcel number, type of land, boundary and the dimension for every parcel of land.

The cadastral concept in Jordan is based on the unity and integration of both the land registration (land title) and the cadastral surveying (maps). The main units of cadastral system are land parcels as show in the first scenario and it's surveyed and registered on a national level.

Pursuant to the Native Lands Ordinance all customary freehold titles over land has to be registered. The registers records preceding and current owner/s of the plot. Transfer of title over freehold land is reflected in the register with references to the court number where the transfer was endorsed. Ownership over a plot of land, usually narrow strips of land parcels that extends the width of the island from the ocean leeward side to the lagoon, would be registered as a multiple family ownership or as single ownership. Fragmentation of these initial strips could occur when a family member may decide to portion out his share for sale. All plots and further subdivisions were allocated unique plot numbers in the register.

The recent review on relevant Acts and Ordinances ensure that the registered title over a plot would be referenced to the survey plan prepared by LMD. The plan of the plot would be identified with the same unique plot number allocated and would show all physical dimensions of the plot and other relevant survey information.

The cadastre is an administrative system, which notifies physical status of all parcels of national lands and legal rights on them, and manages changes of details of land.

The Korean cadastre has three ideas, those are management of ownership, the registration system, and public open service of the cadastral information registering owner and relevant records.

The Korea cadastral system is created by surveying on the parcel boundary and ownership nation-wide and registering it. All parcel shave a identity number, divided by a sheet system which have a unique map scale and managed by area.

In Cadastre of Latvia, the smallest uniquely identified and surveyed unit is land parcel that is defined as delimited piece of land registered in the National Real Estate Cadastre Information System having cadastral designation assigned to it. Likewise as land parcels, also buildings and groups of premises are surveyed, identified and registered in cadastre. Also real properties that are defined as land with buildings and waters lying thereon that is juridically attached to natural or juridical person are registered in cadastre. Rights to real properties are registered in Land Register.

In Latvia, real property is recorded in Land Register regardless of number of parcels. In practice, scenario (i) of scenarios ...

The cadastral system of Lithuania is based on surveyed land parceling and records graphical and attribute data pertaining to real properties. Main unit within the real property cadastre and register, that is surveyed and registered, is a real property object. Real property object means land parcel and other properties that are related to land (buildings, premises, flats, engineering facilities, and other properties, which are intended to serve and to be used as immovable property). Only formed and surveyed real property object may be recorded in the Real Property Cadastre and Register, and only registered property may be transacted. Data on surveying of the real property object and other cadastral data are recorded in the Real Property Cadastre ...

The land parcels are surveyed in the field by Cartography and Cadastre Bureau. Because the registration of land ownership is optional, Macao Cartography and Cadastre Bureau also takes the responsibility of collecting legal rights information such as land ownership, land grant document, lease term, etc.

The Malaysian cadastral system has essentially two basic components, which are the very pillars of the system's reliability and credibility, i.e. the land registration and the cadastral survey components.

The most important element in the land registration component is the type of title called for by the system of land tenure and the nature of Government guarantee. The system provides for registration to confer indefeasible title or interest, except in certain circumstances, such as through fraud or misrepresentation or registration obtained by forgery or by means of an insufficient or void instrument. Essentially, for alienation under final title, it only becomes effective from the time of the registration of the Register ...

Historically, the cadastre has been defined as the inventory, census or record of real estate, up to a more common meaning such as the record of farms, of their values and of their proprietors, initially established only for fiscal purposes, with no representation at all.

The concept of cadastre and its objectives have evolved through time, and now it is understood as a system of territorial information related to the real estate, whose main purpose is to obtain a census of the physical, qualitative, legal, fiscal and administrative features of the properties so allowing a multipurpose use.

The Cadastral system in Namibia is organised as follows:

• the cadastral index register identifies the properties by cadastral number(s) and area;
• the noting plans shows the land parcels graphically;
• the diagram (one parcel) or general plan (two or more parcels) shows the legal survey measurements to precisely identify all new parcels determined by cadastral surveys such as subdivisions; and
• the Deeds Registry identifies the legal rights based on the cadastral identification.

The Directorate of Survey and Mapping in Windhoek examines and approves all diagrams and general plans prior to them being registered in a Deeds Registry.

Cadastral system in Nepal is treated as part of the land administration process and does exist district-wise. In general, cadastral mapping, preparation of related document and the registration of the parcel are performed by the Goswara (survey party), Cadastral Survey Branch, Survey Department. After completion of the Survey, the cadastral maps and field books are handed over to the district Survey Office and the related textual documents (Sresthas) are handed over to District Land Revenue Office of Department of Land Reform and Management.

The Survey Office updates the maps as per the decision made by the Land Revenue Office. The instructions to Survey Office will be as per the demand from the concerned landowner during land transaction and land fragmentation. The Land Revenue Office will update the textual document. Whereas, if the transaction of a parcel is from one owner to another without being change in the status, there will be no information to the Survey Office, which at present felt that the document in the Survey Office also need to be updated accordingly in such situation.

The main concept of the system of land registry and cadastre is the recording of the relationship between men and land, through a formal right. The concept includes the principles of specialty and publicity. The specialty principle results in a proper identification of the right holders through personal identification at the notary office and the recording of ID numbers, or in case of a legal body (e.g. a company) identification of ID number Chamber of Commerce and the legal representatives of the company. Furthermore it impacts on the object of exercise of rights: the land parcel, that should be uniquely identified by parcel number and boundary survey. The right as such should be legally recognised, namely belonging to the closed system of real rights as mentioned in ...

The principal unit is a surveyed and monumented parcel, with description and area, with titles or other tenures recorded accordingly. There is also provision for strata titles, leases and easements. While title is guaranteed there are some provisions for adverse possession where there is longstanding and undisputed possession.

There are three main units of the Norwegian cadastral system: Information about Parcels, addresses and buildings. The parcel unit comprises property number, area of surface, land use, owners name / identification and postal address, coordinates for a reference point, reference to cadastral map sheet and cross-reference to buildings and addresses. The address information comprises street name and house number, district codes, reference point and cross-reference. The building information comprises building identification number, type / use, number of floors, numbers and data about each flat (including identifier), reference point and cross-reference.

The primary objective of the cadastral survey is land titling. Any land use information that are obtained in the process are gathered not for economic development purposes as we perceive them to be at present but for additional information in support of tenure or legal hold.

Every parcel of lot in the coverage area of a cadastral survey project is assigned a lot number which shall be done consecutively from one and without duplication. An assigned lot number in one barangay (barrio) cannot be assigned to a certain lot in another barangay (barrio) of the coverage municipality.

The project is divided into cases. The procedure is, one case for ...

There is a Surveyor-General in Pretoria, Cape Town, Bloemfontein and Pietermaritzburg. The 9 Provinces have been divided between the 4 Surveyors-General. Each Surveyor-General is more or less autonomous within his or her area of jurisdiction. The principal functions of each Surveyor-General is (with the help of his staff complement) to:

• Examine and approve diagrams, general plans and sectional title plans that are lodged for approval by an accredited Land Surveyor prior to them being registered in a Deeds Registry. (Note that the accredited Land Surveyors are either in private practice, or in other state departments. No employee in the Office of the Surveyor-General may perform cadastral ...

In Sri Lanka Survey Department should continue to be the organization responsible for cadastral information. This organization should also collect additional information required on such subjects as land use and buildings on the surveyed parcels. Survey Department has today the responsibility to maintain the cadastral records of state land, but do not have sufficient information about private land. There is a need to make required alteration in existing legislation so that all land parcels will be recorded in a property register. There should also be an office responsible for keeping information about legal rights in land. At present legal rights regarding land matters are registered in an office called District Land Registry, which also register births, marriages, deaths etc. Ideally the registration and survey functions mentioned above should be performed by a single agency. Such an arrangement would guarantee the best co-ordination between the two parts involved in the whole operation. The solution would be to separate the section within Land Registry dealing only with land matters and bring it under the Ministry of Lands. Then it would be possible to amalgamate it administratively with Survey Department.

According to the Swedish Land Code, all land is divided into real properties. The extension of each real property is defined by the description in the Real Property Registry. A real property unit can consist of one or many land parcels, water parcels or specific rights like hunting, fishing, or from 1st January 2004, a defined room in the space like an apartment in a building or an underground pipeline. Objects permanently fixed to a piece of land or a construction are belongings to the real property unit.

The cadastral system is based on a folio principle, i.e. each "land parcel" on the ground is related to exactly one ownership title registered in the land registry. Every land parcel has a unique parcel identifier number, to which all parcel-relevant information is linked. Buildings are by definition integral parts of "land parcels" and by default cannot cross parcel boundaries. In the case of a building sitting on top of a parcel boundary, the boundary would need to be rectified accordingly or the two parcels would need to be merged. Land parcels can be sold only as complete entities. If only a part of a parcel is to be sold, it has to go through a subdivision process by first creating a new parcel, where the new boundary is delimited by a predefined cadastral survey process.

The main unit in the cadastral system is the plot/parcel. It is the plot that is registered.

The main unit is a land parcel and a registration book which linked by a unique land parcel ID. Each village in cadastral region and each quarter in municipality border is cadastral working area. Cadastral working area divided by blocks surrounded by natural or artificial border such as road, way, highway, railway, arc, lake, sea. After measurements and circumscription of parcel completed, property ownership is determined. Documentation such as tax and title deed information is useful to indicate and determine owner ship. Also cadastre directorship considers explanation of head official of village or quarter, and expert witnesses by using rules of the cadastral codes. While determination of ownership, minutes of real property is prepared. All parcels boundaries ...

Article 3 of Law "About State Land Cadastre":

"State land cadastre is the main component of the Uniform System of State Cadastres and in a system of information and documents on natural, economic, legal type of lands, their categories, quality characteristics and value, location and size of land parcels, distribution of them among owners, possessors and users.

State land cadastre includes: state registration of rights to land plots, lands quality and quantity accounting, appraisal of soil, lands cost, and also systematization, holding and renewal of land-cadastral information." Ownership and other rights to land plots, easements, limitations, transferring and cessation of rights are liable for registration. Registration of rights to buildings and constructions are realised in the cadastre of building and constructions. The cadastre of building and constructions together with land cadastre form real property cadastre system.

El catastro es definido como una herramienta para procurar y garantizar la ordenación del espacio geográfico con fines de desarrollo, a través de la adecuada, precisa y oportuna definición de los tres aspectos más relevantes de la propiedad inmobiliaria: descripción física, situación jurídica y valor económico.

La Ley de Geografía, Cartografía y Catastro Nacional ordena la investigación y determinación de las tierras baldías, los ejidos, las tierras pertenecientes a entidades públicas y las tierras de propiedad particular o colectiva, dentro del contexto del territorio de cada municipio.

De acuerdo al Código Civil vigente, la propiedad se define como el derecho de usar, gozar y disponer de un inmueble de manera exclusiva con las restricciones y obligaciones de la Ley. La parcela, definida como la porción de terreno, con construcción o no, delimitada por una poligonal cerrada, ubicada dentro de un mismo municipio, es considerada la unidad catastral por excelencia.