Role of cadastral layer in SDI is considered in the last few years. Cadastral Federal Council, FADA and other organizations, make an effort to disseminate the importance of cadastre as a fundamental component for the SDI development in the Country.

Taking into account the proposed solutions for such problems, in 2002 the Cadastral Federal Council and FADA presented a Project of National Cadastral Law. This project includes the role of cadastre as a fundamental component for the SDI development in the Country.

The development of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) has increasingly recognized the inherent role of linking land parcel components as the fundamental layer underpinning the SDI model. The data is all linked to standard parcel identifiers in the cadastral layer correlating information from each of the data sets.

Core data sets of the SDI are organised as layers which include: Geodetic Network, Cadastral Framework, Topographic Coverage, Road Network, Address System, and Geographical Nomenclature. Gradually additional data sets are being integrated as sharing, privacy and format issues are overcome. These databases include features of Soils Type, Vegetation, Minerals ...

Austrian surveying legislation stipulates that the boundary cadastre must be managed by computer-aided methods on the basis of the real-estate database.

The real-estate cadastre is used for the binding verification of real-estate boundaries and for visualizing types of land use, area dimensions and other specifications in order to facilitate the identification of plots of real estate.

The area-wide data of the real-estate register is stored centrally together with the entries in the land register in the real-estate database. It is managed in distributed mode by means of remote data processing by the surveying offices and land-register tribunals in a manner assuring that the statutory responsibilities are honored. The cadastre and ...

Data: General Information

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Spatial Data Infrastructure still has to be developed for Cambodia through Land Management and Administration Project.

The Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) has been planned and partially developed for several years in China. Usually, the data product has four modes, which is Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Digital Raster Graphic (DRG), and Digital Line Graphic (DLG). The DLG-mode topographic map is established at the scales of 1:1,000,000, 1:250,000, 1:50,000 and 1:10,000 nationwide. The larger scale topographic databases, at the scales of 1:500, 1:1000 and 1:2000, are set up in some cities and developed areas. The digital cadastral data is not fully covering the nation, and is produced only in cities and some regions, so they do not make a complete layer in SDI.

Cyprus, through the Lands and Surveys Department, managed to implement a fully integrated Land Information System (LIS), which supports a wide range of decision-making elements, including land conveyancing, the application of equitable taxation, resource management and environmental planning.

The LIS has been designed and developed having two major application components:

• The Survey Related Applications (Geographical Component)
• The Legal/Fiscal Applications (Legal/Fiscal Component)

Four main databases have been developed in the Department:

1. The Survey Database,
2. The Digital Cadastral Database,
3. The Topographical Database, and
4. The Legal/Fiscal Database.

The cadastral index map is widely used in land administration as reference and for planning purposes. It is available in digital format, raster or vector (Digital Cadastral Database).

The cadastral map plays a fundamental role and it formulates the basis for the development of a National Land Information System. Other spatial data sets are integrated with the cadastral map layer, including topographic data, administrative boundaries, planning zones.

Cadastral data including cadastral maps are widely used in national, municipal, local and specialized information systems. Cadastral layer is a part of nearly all land oriented information systems. In some cases (when digital cadastral maps are not available) a simple digitization for the purpose of the IS has been carried out.

It is recognised that the Danish cadastre provides a basic infrastructure for managing economic interests in land as well as supporting environmental and development interests. The interaction between the cadastre and the Land Book operates very efficiently even though the two systems are maintained in different organisations.

The Danish concept for integrated land management is organised as a network of interactive subsystems containing the information that are used very often. The automatic linkage between the subsystems is achieved by establishing the "Cross Reference Register" which contains all key identifications within each subsystem (e.g. the parcel number, the building number, the address ...

The development of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) has increasingly recognized the need to link land parcel attributes as the fundamental base layer underpinning the SDI model.

Each CCMS parcel has a unique parcel identifier which provide the linking mechanism to other data sets such as: utilities data with Telecom Fiji, Local Councils, Roads, etc. and socio-economic data such as Census data, etc.

With regards to State land management, it is critical that all State land parcels are accounted for with detail information attached. This is also true with native and freehold lands.

Other datasets such as soil types, forest cover, topographic, land tenure, mineral, can easily be overlaid with CCMS for GIS analysis and evaluations.

Due to improved technical possibilities the utilization of cadastral data is increasing. It is possible to get access to the map and the attribute data online with an information interface or via internet, use it with an application-application connection or using graphical copies. The cadastral data together with a topographic map is utilized in regional planning, utility planning etc. These activities are carried out on local and national levels.

(web and application-application connection). It is possible to use map user interface or identifiers. The data consists of up-to-date attribute data from the real estate cadastre and land book and the map.

Cadastre in Germany fulfills the requirements of most customers as a basic data set for a great variety of purposes. It is used as a basic land information system. In most laws concerning cadastre it is regulated that all providers of spatial data in the public sector have to use cadastral data as a basic element to ensure that all data have the same geometrical structure and are based on coordinates or in case of textual data sets on identifiers like parcel number or house number. So cadastral data play an increasing role in the market and are an important tool for planning and a lot of political decisions.

Lot Index Plan serves as a de facto land boundary record which is popularly used by the general public as well as professional land surveyors. Digital and hard-copy detailed maps, scaled from 1:1,000, 1:5,000, 1:20,000 and others, provide updated and reliable spatial information for all sorts of social and engineering activities.

Land related data are kept by various government departments and public utility companies. The Hong Kong Government is still in an initial planning stage to form a regional spatial data infrastructure.

The cadastral mapping information is the mapping part of the Unified Land Registry System. The common data of cadastral map (parcel number, address, area, etc. must be consistent with the descriptive data of the property sheet. This is one of the basic requirements of the Unified Land Registry System. The updating and maintenance of common data is a simultaneous task of the mapping and legal part.

Before Hungary introduced the Unified Land Registry System the Cadastre also supported the legal registry and cadastral map served information to the economy. Today digital or analogue cadastral maps (land registry map) are the basic information to establish different database supporting development and environmental interests. The land registry map, according to law, is compulsory to use for spatial, town planning, building regulations and basic map for public utility companies. For local governments, municipalities land registry map is basic layer managing their activities. Extracts of land registry map (cadastral map) are widely used for different purpose by the public.

Developmental activities in the country necessitated the accurate information about the lands and updated inventory of the county resources. With the revolution in IT industry, land information system or cadastral system which provide the knowledge about the lands comprised in country, state or region is becoming the demands of the day.

Spatial Data Infrastructure is one of the solutions to meet the needs of the nation because of its capability in identifying the key factors that facilitate development through better understanding the complexity of the interaction between social, economical and political issues. Main objective of SDI is to disseminate, utilize and manage spatial information for all activities related to land and its resources.

Today, cadastral maps are still mainly used for the BPN purposes, although they may also be used by other government institutions and local government, it is not very frequent, one of some reasons, because they have not been digitized yet.

Towards the end of the eighties, when the GIS became a central topic in the surveying and mapping profession, the hardware and software configuration was defined and the Survey of Israel became responsible for the national GIS. It was decided to establish two fundamental digital data bases:

1. The National Topographic Data Base.
2. The National Cadastral Data Base.

The Topographic Data Base:

Considering the graphical character of the topographical mapping which existed in the late eighties and its non-uniform accuracy, it was decided to establish a ...

National Cadastral Data Base:

The juridical character of the cadastre in Israel requires that parcel boundaries must be uniquely defined by survey and the rights to the parcel registered by ...

Iran currently does not have a formal NSDI, but the subject has been addressed in Iran's National Plan for Map and Spatial Data production (currently reviewed by the HCSM, High Council of Surveying and Mapping). The HCSM coordinates all geomatics and geodetics activities within the country as a whole and conduct the SDI in future. Cadastral data (land parcels) can be considered as one of the fundamental data layers in the NSDI.The Users Council (UC) started in 1995 and its mission is, distinguishing the needs of GIS users and combined from the nominates of all ministries. The sub-committee of Users Council which is called Expertism Committee for Urban GIS (ECUG) was started few months ago and conducting all activities which are resulting the Urban GIS spatial layers within the standardization of Large scale GISs. The Cadastral office has right to have a nominate in HCSM and consequently, has a main role in establishing SDI in Iran.

The cadastral map is basically used for update of registry maps at registry office. Some municipalities apply the cadastral map as a basic map to manage some information by GIS.

The cadastral map in Jordan is used as a base map for most purposes such as utilities, transportation, developments plans and land use planning. The unique identification number for the parcel helps DLS to maintain the data incrementally and provide a lot of analysis on a national, regional and local level.

The logical layers (districts, sub districts, village, block, sector, sheet-no, parcel-no) provide the basic layers for the work of most government agencies, municipalities, utilities and many private companies.

The ministry of rural affaires and the greater municipality of the capital city Amman, which are responsible for the development of rural planning and zoning are relaying completely on DLS cadastral maps (expropriation transaction, roads, etc.).

Cadastral layer plays an important role in the Spatial Data Infrastructure although most GIS users are just beginning to recognize its importance. The main reason being that most users' spatial data systems are in their infancy and compilation stages.

The LMD utilized the cadastral layer in its day to day role for managing both Government and private lands. One role that highlighted the importance of the cadastral layer was for planning purposes mostly for Government development projects. In particular the layer would enable easy access to landownership information and assessment for compensation claims when the project is under way.

1. Building a homogeneous and seamless cadastral digital map.
2. Combination of topology and cadastral layers by geodetic frame network.
3. Making the topology data structure of the cadastral map data.
4. Changing of data format DXF to shape.

Cadastral map is consistent part of Latvian map system; it is one of thematic maps. Information of Cadastral map can be used for following purposes:

1. ascertainment of location of specific cadastral object (objects);
2. overview on location of cadastral objects in certain area;
3. territory planning;
4. changing of boundaries of administrative territories;
5. other purposes, where Cadastral map obtained by method of alignment of boundaries can be used.

Cadastral map is compatible with following cartographic material:

1. simplified topographical map at scale of 1:10,000;
2. topographic plan at scale of 1:2,000; ...

Cadastral map forms a layer of the georeferential system. It is used for:

• land reform and restitution on the national level;
• cadastral works, i.e. formation of land parcels;
• concluding real property transactions;
• territory planning in urban and rural areas;
• different designing activities, i.e. for roads, engineering utilities;
• land consolidation.

The cadastral map is widely used in many departments such as Lands, Public Works and Transport Bureau, Office of Infrastructure Development, Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau, etc. There is no government department responsible for gathering different land information and managing them in one unique system.

The Malaysia SDI (acronymed NaLIS) was formally established in 1997 through a directive from the Secretary General of the Government. It is based on an open system platform of distributed databases, whereby data is kept in the databases of land related agencies and not in a centralised system.

The information that can be made available to land information users under NaLIS consist of datasets obtained from the land related systems, or more specifically, the databases of agencies linked to NaLIS. They are essentially data that the agencies maintain in their systems for their business operations. Notably, of importance in the said arrangements is the acceptance of the base map as the basic building block for the NaLIS data model and that the cadastral layer is one of the main constituents of this base map.

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It is planned during 2004-05 to create a national seamless computerized map of all land parcels and administrative boundaries in Namibia.

It is expected that the Namibian cadastral map will provide a basic infrastructure for managing economic interests in land as well as supporting environmental and development interests.

The interaction between the cadastre and the Deeds Registry operates efficiently even though the two systems are maintained in different organisations. A digital cadastral map as the backbone for a national land information system will certainly further improve the interaction between the cadastre and the Deeds Registry.

In Nepal, the importance of cadastral information was realized when the concept of land information system was developed. So, the development of Spatial Data Infrastructure has recognized to link the cadastral information as a fundamental layer for the land information system. In order to support this system, in some of the districts, the digital database of the cadastral maps has been prepared by scanning and vectorization process. Furthermore, the related textual data are also processed to transfer from hard copy in paper to digital form. Hence, consequently, a database on cadastral information will be established which will then be used mainly for broader sector of social, environment, economic and good governance activities of the country.

The cadastral map and the Large Scale Topo Base Map of the Netherlands (both country covering and digital) are fully co-ordinated. After a map-renovation process the cadastral map is fully reconciliated with the topo map at boundary level. The map series share building-data. Both maps (databases) are extensively used by governments, utility companies, and private companies for their own activities.

The Large Scale Topo Map is produced and maintained by a consortium of the Agency and many utility companies, later added by municipalities and waterboards. As such both map series are a de facto standard for large scale map-use.

Another development is the co-ordination between the cadastral map, the Large Scale Topo Map and the map series 1:10,000 of the Topographic Service Kadaster. Investigations are carried out to identify to which extent the three map series can share the updating activities.

The cadastral data base, supported by the geodetic data base, is used extensively as a fundamental data set for a number of government, resource management, local authority, utility and commercial applications. This recognises that a large number of applications and information systems relate to parcel address or interest or tenure of land. Statistical areas are defined by cadastral boundaries allowing the accurate spatial representation and correlation of socio-economic with geographic data.

Since the cadastral map only is available on a local level it is mostly used for local administration and planning and as documentation for the land owner. Many of the municipalities have their own web-pages where the cadastral map is a natural part.

The completion of Cadastral program will provide the Philippines a springboard for land-based development. The program envisions to achieve the following goals:

A. National Goals such as:

1. Promotion of social development and social justice.
2. Improvement of habitat through development of human settlements and proper management of environment.
3. Accelerated regional development especially the rural ...

B. The Executive Branch Goals such as:

1. To provide comprehensive and accurate data on land resources of the country.
2. To accelerate settlement and adjudication of land titles.
3. To facilitate and accelerate public land management and ...

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The development of Spatial Data infrastructures (SDI) has increasingly recognized the inherent role of linking land parcel components as the fundamental layer underpinning the SDI model. The data is all linked to standard parcel identifiers in the cadastral layer correlating information from each of the data sets. The content of digital drawing file is given below.

Content of digital drawing file.

...

The cadastral index map is widely used in land administration as reference and for planning purposes. It is available in digital format through e.g. cheap viewer software for general use and on the Internet.

The cadastral map is used to describe and document changes in the land use, land ownership and land use regulations.

The cadastral index map is one of the lawyers in the Sweden Geographic Data together with other official maps. In municipalities it is a part of the urban base map system, which is used for planning and management of municipal functions regarding school, health, public utilities etc. It is also widely used for land valuation, e.g. for taxation purposes and form the base for the definition of value areas, using GIS technology.

SDI started in Switzerland with the introduction of the new data-modelling concept for the description of cadastral surveying data in 1993. The basic building block is the data description language INTERLIS with which spatial data can be defined, modelled, and exchanged without information loss and independent from any system restrictions. The data model for cadastral surveying has been named AV93, which is defined in the Federal TVAV Ordinance and legally binding for cadastral surveying in all Cantons. The data-modelling concept with INTERLIS has triggered the definition of more than 100 other spatial data domains over the last 8 years, enabling the use of the same data exchange mechanisms as cadastral surveying. With the ...

The cadastral plans/maps are also used as a guide in the provision of utilities and infrastructure.

Land Information System initiatives are new studies in Turkey. There is no one responsible institution at national level. However, there are Urban Information System studies in some municipalities that cover land information system studies partially. Therefore, cadastral maps are mostly required by municipalities in order to implement local zoning plans and establish an urban information system only.

As said before, multi-purpose geo-information systems are being created in Uzbekistan; base layer of such a system is the land cadastre with data from land plots with unique cadastral numbers.

The core data sets of the SDI are organized in layers which include: Geodetic Network, Administrative Boundaries, Cadastral Framework, Topographic Coverage, Road Network, Address System and Geographical Nomenclature. Gradually, additional data sets are being integrated through collecting and contribution of different agencies. These databases include features of Soils Type, Vegetation, Minerals, Fauna Distribution, Hydrography, Historical Monuments, Real property and so on.

The cadastral information is also providing accessibility to land information from other sources involved in land and utilities management and spatial analysis.

The Uniform System of State Cadastre is becoming increasingly significant in a wide range of social, environmental and economic activities.

La organización de la información en los mapas catastrales de ámbitos urbanos y rurales se realizará de conformidad con las especificaciones siguientes:

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